Home networks are, for structural reasons, extremely vulnerable to denial of service attacks and it's difficult to fix that.
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Improved network hardening practices by OS vendors have mostly eliminated the historic problem that computers directly accessible to the internet were quickly compromised (SMB on Windows hosts used to be a huge problem this way), but for years in the late '90s to early '00s directly connecting computers to the internet was considered a very problematic practice due to the number of worms. There are many reasons other than commercial motive that have eroded the P2P nature of the internet. We should all wonder: is it a good thing that we have abandoned the peer to peer nature of networks? There are numerous reasons for this that range from security concerns to IPv4 exhaustion to the simple practicalities of the way that computer networks entered widespread usage. Today, it is mostly not true that any two internet hosts can intiate connections with each other, and while seldom phrased this way the reality is so deeply embedded in our understanding of the internet that protocols designed under this assumption, while common, seem absurd. Unfortunately, this assumption has failed the test of time, as the "peer to peer" nature of computer networks has been fundamentally degraded due to widespread adoption of a more strict client-server model.
This was, after all, the fundamental concept around which early computer networks were designed. Many early protocols were designed under the basic assumption that any two hosts on a network could initiate connections to each other. † MKDIR was not a command, just using it as an modern example. The data structure of the response has fields to say what's coming back on the data channel for the requested transaction.
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Per RFC 114, responses from the server are considered a data type: when a user sends a command to the server, sometimes the response is a status update ('MKDIR successful'†) and sometimes the response is the requested file. An odd and an even port were reserved for each application layer application or protocol. > FTP needs two ports (one for sending and one for receiving) because it was originally designed to operate on Network Control Program (NCP), which was a simplex protocol that utilized two port addresses, establishing two connections, for two-way communications. And several decades later that design still exists. So the original transport layer that FTP relied on necessitated two ports, and when the move to a newer transport layer occurred the use of two ports was carried over for simplicity's sake. The standardization of TCP and UDP reduced the need for the use of two simplex ports for each application down to one duplex port. NCP was a simplex protocol that utilized two port addresses, establishing two connections, for two-way communications. > NCP preceded the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) as a transport layer protocol used during the early ARPANET. The protocol was later replaced by a TCP/IP version, RFC 765 (June 1980) and RFC 959 (October 1985), the current specification. Until 1980, FTP ran on NCP, the predecessor of TCP/IP. The original specification for the File Transfer Protocol was written by Abhay Bhushan and published as RFC 114 on 16 April 1971.
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